RESEARCH EXTENSION ACTIVITY MODERN GREEN CATALYSIS FOR HETEROCYCLE SYNTHESIS: FROM METHOD DEVELOPMENT TO CATALYST RECYCLING

The Research and Postgraduate Department of Chemistry, MES Kalladi College (Autonomous), Mannarkkad, conducted a Research Extension Activity Programme on 20 April 2026 with the objective of providing advanced scientific training in green organic synthesis to undergraduate students. The programme was organized for B.Sc. Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry students from MAMO College, Manassery and PSMO College, Tirurangadi, with a focus on bridging theoretical knowledge with practical research applications in sustainable chemistry. The session primarily focused on the synthesis of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde-based barbiturate derivatives using both conventional and environmentally benign methods. Initially, students were introduced to the conventional synthetic approach, where an equimolar mixture of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and 1,3-dimethyl barbituric acid was refluxed in ethanol using pyridine as a catalyst. The participants were trained in standard laboratory practices including reaction setup, controlled heating, monitoring of reaction progress using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and subsequent purification techniques such as filtration and recrystallization. This method provided a foundational understanding of classical organic synthesis. The programme then progressed to greener alternatives, highlighting the use of a La/Chitosan nanocatalyst in solvent-assisted conditions. Students were given hands-on training in performing catalytic reactions in ethanol, where the heterogeneous catalyst facilitated efficient synthesis with improved environmental compatibility. They also learned techniques for catalyst separation and recovery, emphasizing the advantages of reusable catalytic systems in minimizing chemical waste. A major highlight of the training was the solvent-free synthesis approach, which demonstrated a highly sustainable and eco-friendly methodology. In this method, the reactants along with the La/Chitosan catalyst were ground using a mortar and pestle and heated at moderate temperatures. The reaction progress was monitored using TLC, and the product was isolated by simple ethanol treatment followed by recrystallization. This approach effectively illustrated the principles of green chemistry by eliminating the use of hazardous solvents and reducing energy consumption. Further, the programme included a detailed discussion and demonstration of catalytic optimization studies, where different catalytic systems were evaluated based on reaction efficiency, yield, and selectivity. This enabled students to understand the importance of optimizing reaction conditions in chemical synthesis. Additionally, emphasis was given to catalyst recyclability, wherein the La/Chitosan catalyst was recovered, washed, dried, and reused for subsequent cycles. This aspect reinforced the concept of sustainability and cost-effectiveness in modern chemical research. Throughout the programme, students actively engaged in analytical techniques, particularly Thin Layer Chromatography, learning to select appropriate solvent systems and interpret chromatographic results for assessing reaction completion and product purity. The hands-on training significantly enhanced their experimental skills and analytical thinking. The programme was highly beneficial in providing participants with exposure to contemporary research methodologies in green chemistry. It enabled them to compare traditional and sustainable approaches, understand the role of nanocatalysts, and appreciate the importance of environmentally responsible practices in chemical synthesis. Overall, the extension activity successfully fostered a research-oriented mindset among students and strengthened their practical competencies. The programme concluded with positive feedback from participants, reflecting its effectiveness in enhancing scientific knowledge and laboratory skills. It stands as a meaningful initiative by the department in promoting sustainable chemistry and extending research expertise to neighboring institutions.